To date, science is known about 280 types of worms that can develop and live in the human body, parasites in various organs and tissues.The frequency of human infection depends on the climatic and socio -economic conditions of specific territories (in underdeveloped countries, especially in those located in the tropical and subtropical area, the level of parasitic infections is much higher than the economically developed states).
Methods of human infection with helminths:
- Biogelmintosis (animal infection).
- Contagion elmintosis (transmitted from person to person).
- Geogelmintosis (diseases caused by parasites that lead one of the vital cycles in the earth).
Factors that influence the manifestations of the Elmintii
The parasitic penetration method in the body:
- The degree of adaptation of the helmet to the human body;
- The density of the population (quantity) of parasitic individuals;
- The habitat of the worm (the parasites of the fabrics live in the thickness of the soft fabrics and the clearing lives in the gaps of the cable organs).Some helminths in various phases have educational and fabric shapes.The larval and developing phases of the worms, as a rule, cause more pronounced pathological changes.
In the absence of ri -infection, the number of adult parasites in the human body does not increase.This feature significantly distinguishes the elmintic invasions from diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, mushrooms and simple organisms.
Worms in man: symptoms
Elminthosis is a disease that is characterized by 2 stages of the course (acute, from two weeks to two months) and chronic (from several months to several years).
Symptoms of the acute phase of Elmintiasis
The first signs of the disease can manifest themselves at different times (very often after 2-3 weeks, with ascaridosis-after 2-3 days and with Filairiosis, the incubation period can last 6-18 months).
In the acute phase of the parasitic invasion, the most characteristic symptom is an allergic reaction (antibodies are generated to the antigens of the parasitic migratory larvae).Often, skin eruptions, subject to the recurring path, have an increase in the recurring path, regional lymph nodes on the skin can occur and generalized or local edema, muscle and joint pain can occur.In addition, the parasite migratory larvae can cause chest pain, cough, suffocation of suffocation, stool disorders, nausea and vomiting.
At the same time, the acute phase of the helmintiasis can be accompanied by more serious disorders (serious forms of pneumonia, hepatitis, allergic myocarditis, liver liver (an increase in liver and spleen).
In the blood, the quantity of eosinophilic (eosinophilia) increases and the normal quantitative relationship between the protein fractions (dysprooteinemia) is disturbed.
Signs of chronic elmintiasis
The symptoms of the chronic phase depend directly on which organ is "populated" with parasites, as well as their size and quantity play an important role.
Therefore, when parasite in the intestine of individuals, the disease can occur asymptomatic (with the exception of cases of infection with very large parasites).The characteristics of the characteristics of the chronic phase of intestinal elmintiasis are dyspeptic disorders.In children, Acenoarotic syndrome and pain is more pronounced.With huge ascarids of invasion, intestinal obstruction, mechanical jaundice and pancreatitis are possible.
Consuming all the substances necessary for their vital activity from the guest body, the Elmininti cause digestive disorders, violations of the absorption of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and fats.At the same time, the products of the life of the worms inhibit the normal intestinal microflora and reduce the immune forces of the body.
In people who suffer from Elmintie, due to the weakened immunity and the advanced process of cell division (consequences of the constant restoration of tissue parasites), the risk of malignant tumors increases significantly.
Types of elmints parasites in the human body
The causal agents of human elmintiasis are 2 types of worms: round (nematodes) and dishes (tape and saucers).
Round worms
Pinworm
The parasites that are the cause of the entertaining are small worms of thin cavities up to 10 mm which have a grayish white color.The infection occurs in a food way (through the mouth).The reason for this are the dirty hands.The parasitic eggs can be in the ground, on the wool of infected animals, vegetables and unreal fruits, etc.At the same time, with entertainable cases of cars - -extension (especially in children) that occur due to areas of combing and subsequent egg swallows are not rare.The cutting larva develops within two weeks in the digestive tract.Transforming the parasitic worm into the lower parts of the small and superior parts of the colon into an adult individual.
Askarida
Askaride is a large parasite of a red yellow molten shape, reaching a 40 cm (females) adult state and 15-25 cm (males).Without a hand of aspiration or other fixing devices, the ascaride can move independently towards the food masses.The eggs laid by the female parasite are distinguished with the stool.
The infection from happening occurs in the event of swallowing ripe eggs together with water or unwashed vegetables and fruits on which there are land particles.After the eggs penetrate the intestine, the larvae accrued come out.Then, introducing into the intestinal wall, they reach the heart according to the bloodstream and fall into the lungs from there.Through the pulmonary alveoli, the hscaridal larva through the respiratory tract penetrates again in the oral cavity.After repeated swallows, the parasite reaches the small intestine, where it develops in an adult.The Worm lives for 12 months, so he dies and stands out with the stool.In the intestine of an owner can live both one or several hundred people.
Vlashev
Vlasov, the causal agent of trichocephaly, is a white elminto that parasitic in the initial part of the large intestine and reaches a dimension of 4-5 cm.The parasite is powered by the blood and tissues of the rectal mucosa.
The singular head eggs laid by the female on the walls of the intestine come out together with the stool.Their development occurs in the environment (optimally in the ground).The eggs with parasitic larvae are penetrated in the body with a food way, through dirty hands, with water or not washed vegetables and fruit.
Trichinella
Tricinellosis causal agent is a small round elminas that reaches 2-5 mm in length.The infection occurs when the use of poorly fried meat (pork, bear puppies, wild boar).By penetrating the intestine, the parasitic larva in 3-4 days mature to the state of the sexually mature individual.The life expectancy of the worm is 40 days, after which the parasite dies.Driving the intestinal wall, the larvae penetrate the bloodstream and are transported to all organs of the human body, established in the muscles.In this case, the respiratory and facial muscles, as well as the muscles-ado of the spare parts of the limbs, are often affected.
In the first days after the invasion, patients complain about abdominal pain.So, after about 2 weeks, body temperature rises to 39-40 s, itchy eruptions appear on the skin, muscle pain develops and the face swells.In this period, in the case of massive infection, there is a significant risk of death.After about a month, recovery occurs.The parasite is encapsulated in spiral form, after which dies within two years.
ANKYLOSTOMA AND NOT -COR
These two parasites are similar to each other in biological characteristics, as well as in the diseases caused.With this, it is customary to combine them under the general name (ankilostoma).The worms that reach the lengths of 10-15 mm are 12-P parasites.intestine.It should be noted that this is one of the most common, but at the same time, rarely identified parasites.The worms of worms penetrate the human body through the skin when they are in contact with the infected soil.In addition, entering the bloodstream, they, just like Ascarides, migrate to the lungs, and then, through the bronchi, together with the jump apartment - the digestive tract.The parasitic anquilostoma in the intestine, attaching itself to the intestinal wall.A parasite that eats exclusively with the blood bites the blood vessels that pierce the mucosa, injecting an anti -impoverished component there.During the day, an adult can absorb on average 0.05-0.35 ml of blood.Therefore, the most characteristic symptom of this elmintiasis is iron deficiency anemia, as well as a change in the relationship between protein fractions (dysprooteinmia).
Dishes
Large tape
This is one of the greatest helminths that reaches a length of 10-20 meters.The disease caused by this parasite is called dipillotriosis.The development cycle of the worm begins with freshwater fish or crustaceans.The larva enters the human body, which is the final owner of a large ribbon with caviar or infected fish fillet.Reaching the small intestine, the parasite is attached to its wall and for 20-25 days it grows to a sexually mature individual.
Liver bacon
A parasite that causes the opishorchiesi is a flat worm that reaches a length of 7-20 mm.It should be noted that over 50% of cases of infection from an liver saucer (it is also called two -age for cats) falls on the inhabitants of Russia.The larvae of the parasite begin to develop after the eggs fall into fresh water (from the snails swallowed).Then they penetrate the body of fish (carp, carp crucian, sea bream, cockroaches).Human infection occurs when eating infected fish meat that has not undergone enough thermal treatment.The larva of the liver bomb from the small intestine penetrates into the biliary ducts and in the gallbladder, fixing there with two aspirations.
Bull and pork
These almost identical parasites in the structure reach a length of 5-6 meters.The tusiarinhosis infection and any occurs due to the use of cattle or pork infected with Finnish (one of the intermediate forms of elmintiasis).The visible Finns, presented in the form of white bubbles, which reach size of 0.5 cm, are attached to the wall of the small intestine of a person and in 3 months they turn into an adult individual.The stripes parasite, consisting of over 2000 segments, is constantly growing.At the same time, the end segments containing eggs are moving away and move independently along the colon to the anal opening, then they crawl out of the anal or stand out in the external environment together with the stool.The most characteristic symptoms of the Elmintiasis are a violation of the digestive tract.
Echinococcus
For this parasite, a person is an intermediate guest.The parasitic worm in the human body in the form of Finnish.The final owner of Echinococcus is a wolf, a dog or a cat.The infection occurs in a food way in contact with animals and environmental objects, with the handful of echinococcus eggs.After entering the intestine, the oncosfers (six -black larvae) develop from them.From the intestine they penetrate the bloodstream and are transported throughout the body.
Alveokokk
This parasite, which is considered a variety of echinococcus, is the cause of one of the most dangerous (alveococcosi) helminths, which is similar in gravity with cirrhosis and liver carcinoma.The infection occurs with the penetration of the oncosphere (eggs with larvae accrued) in the intestine.There, the embryo leaves the egg and, introducing into the intestinal walls, penetrates into the bloodstream.In addition, with a bloodstream, the parasite spreads through all the tissues and organs of the body (more often located in the liver).It is there that the main phase of development begins in the larvae (a multi -camera bubble is formed, Laurelocyst)).Each room contains an embryo head of a parasite, which continues to develop gradually.Lavrocists are very aggressive formations that grow constantly due to the increase in bubbles and have the ability to sprout in the liver, such as the metastases of cancer.
Diagnosis of elmintiasis
The diagnosis of elmintic invasions includes the following events:
- An in -depth collection of aamnesis that helps to discover the possible causes of the infection;
- Laboratory studies on feces, blood, content of the 12P intestine, rectal and perianal mucus, muscle tissue, pulmonary expectoration, bile.During the analysis, it is possible to detect eggs, segments or fragments of parasites.At the same time, the increase in the content of eosinophils in the blood is also a signal on the presence of elmintiasis.
- In the diagnosis of diseases caused by larval phases or tissue parasites, serological studies are conducted (Elisu, RSC, indirect agglutination, analysis of immunofluorescence, etc.).
- To identify the helminths that affect the studies on the liver tissue, the ultrasounds, the CT and endoscopic studies.
Worms in man: treatment
In the acute phase of a parasitic infection, detoxification and desensitizing therapy is prescribed to the patient.In a serious course of the disease (hepatic trembles, tricinellosis), glucocorticoids are used according to medical indications.
As specific therapy drugs, taking into account the nature of the pathogen, special antielminic chemotherapy agents are prescribed.
At the same time, the patient is recommended to take antihistamines and enterosorbents.The final phase of the treatment includes the use of probiotics that normalize intestinal microflora.
A special saved diet is also prescribed (the food should be easily digestible and contain little fat).
During the period of antielmintic therapy, the patient needs a close adherence to personal hygiene (in order to avoid the re -infection).At the same time, with many elmintisis, all family members and people who are infected in constant contact should undergo care.